![]() In general, a rectangular surface is considered an open surface as it does not contain a volume, and a closed surface can be a sphere as it contains a volume. It is a scalar quantity and has an SI unit of newton-meters squared per coulomb (N The electric flux through an surface is then defined as the surface integral of the scalar product of the electric field, and the area vector and is represented by the symbol Φ. In that case, the direction of the normal vector at any point on the surface is from the inside to the outside. ![]() However, if a surface is closed, then the surface encloses a volume. Gausss Law is a general law applying to any closed surface. The electric flux through an area is defined as the electric field multiplied by the area of the surface projected in a plane perpendicular to the field. Since the normal to a flat surface can point in either direction from the surface, the direction of the area vector of an open surface needs to be chosen. The total of the electric flux out of a closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed divided by the permittivity. This vector has the same magnitude as the area and is directed normal to that surface. Suppose the surface is rotated in such a way that it forms a 60° angle with the electric field in this case, the electric flux results in half of the product of the electric field multiplied by the area.įor discussing the flux of a vector field, it is helpful to introduce an area vector. If the area is perpendicular to the electric field then the angle between their vectors becomes zero, resulting in maximum flux. On the other hand, if the area is rotated so that the plane is aligned with the field lines, none will pass through, and there will be no flux. The larger the area, the more field lines go through it and, hence, the greater the flux similarly, the stronger the electric field (represented by a greater density of lines), the greater the flux. For a better understanding, consider an open rectangular surface with a small area that is placed in a uniform electric field. ![]() More formally, it is the dot product of a vector field within an area. Here, the electric field outside ( r > R) and inside ( r < R) of a charged sphere is being calculated (see Wikiversity ). The concept of flux describes how much of something goes through a given area. Chapter 23 Gauss law In this chapter we will introduce the following new concepts: The flux (symbol ) of the electric.
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